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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Scalable Transfection of Maize Mesophyll Protoplasts
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Scalable Transfection of Maize Mesophyll Protoplasts

Published on: June 23, 2023

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Transposition-mediated DNA re-replication in maize.

Jianbo Zhang1, Tao Zuo1, Dafang Wang1

  • 1Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, United States.

Elife
|November 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alternative transposition can bypass normal DNA replication limits, causing re-replication and double-strand breaks. This process generates composite insertions and segmental duplications, driving genome evolution in maize and eukaryotes.

Keywords:
Ac/DsDNA replicationchromosomescomposite insertionduplicationgenesmaizeplant biologytransposition

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Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy
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Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes
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Discrimintion and Mapping of the Primary and Processed Transcripts in Maize Mitochondrion Using a Circular RT-PCR-based Strategy
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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genome stability relies on each DNA segment replicating only once per cell cycle.
  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences that can alter genome structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how alternative transposition bypasses replication restrictions.
  • To understand the role of alternative transposition in generating genomic alterations and driving genome evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Studied alternative transposition, a reaction involving termini of two separate transposable elements.
  • Analyzed DNA replication, double-strand break formation, and repair mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Alternative transposition during S phase can induce re-replication of transposable elements and flanking DNA.
  • Re-replication can abort, creating double-strand breaks that are repaired.
  • This repair process generates composite insertions with segmental duplications of varying lengths.

Conclusions:

  • Alternative transposition, coupled with replication and repair, significantly alters eukaryotic genome structure.
  • This mechanism may have contributed to the rapid genome evolution observed in maize and other eukaryotes.