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Related Concept Videos

Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Liquid–Solid Solutions01:29

Liquid–Solid Solutions

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The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
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Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

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The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

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Do dissolving objects converge to a universal shape?

Elias Nakouzi1, Raymond E Goldstein2, Oliver Steinbock1

  • 1†Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|November 20, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dissolving cylinders in water form a specific paraboloidal shape. This geometric ideal arises from gravity-driven convection, influencing dissolution rates and creating a predictable contour.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Macroscopic objects like melting ice and growing stalactites exhibit nonintuitive geometric properties.
  • Understanding the dissolution process of amorphous materials is crucial in various scientific fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the resulting shape of vertically oriented dissolving cylinders made of amorphous glucose or poly(ethylene glycol) in a large water volume.
  • To determine the mathematical relationship governing the shape evolution during dissolution.

Main Methods:

  • Experiments were conducted using cylinders of amorphous glucose and poly(ethylene glycol).
  • Cylinders were oriented vertically in a large volume of water to observe dissolution patterns.
  • The resulting shapes were analyzed to identify geometric characteristics and mathematical relationships.

Main Results:

  • Dissolution created density differences in the surrounding fluid, inducing downward gravity-driven convection.
  • A concentration gradient formed, leading to faster dissolution at the cylinder tip and slower dissolution at the base.
  • The cylinder's contour approached a power law, z ∝ R(2), where z is vertical distance and R is radius.

Conclusions:

  • The observed shape is a paraboloid, a geometric attractor for the dissolution of noncrystalline objects under gravity.
  • This finding provides insight into the self-shaping capabilities of materials during dissolution processes.