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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Recent developments in metabolic bone diseases: a gnathic perspective.

Erich J Raubenheimer1, Claudia E Noffke, Hilde D Hendrik

  • 1Pathology, School of Oral Health Sciences, Medunsa Campus, University of Limpopo, Pretoria, 0204, South Africa, Erich.raubenheimer@ul.ac.za.

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Summary

Metabolic bone diseases like osteoporosis can be silent until severe complications arise. This review covers normal bone remodeling and key diseases, focusing on their jaw manifestations.

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Area of Science:

  • Oral pathology
  • Endocrinology
  • Bone biology

Background:

  • Metabolic bone diseases frequently present asymptomatically, leading to delayed diagnosis and severe skeletal complications.
  • Patients often exhibit advanced disease stages upon initial presentation, highlighting a critical diagnostic gap.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of normal bone remodeling processes.
  • To summarize recent advancements in understanding osteoporosis, rickets/osteomalacia, endocrine-induced bone disease, chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder, and Paget's disease of bone.
  • To highlight the clinical and microscopic manifestations of these bone diseases specifically within the jaws.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of normal bone remodeling.
  • Synopsis of recent developments in selected metabolic bone diseases.
  • Focus on clinical and microscopic oral manifestations.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic bone diseases can progress subclinically, resulting in late-stage complications.
  • Specific jaw manifestations are associated with various metabolic bone disorders, requiring careful clinical and microscopic examination.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection and understanding of metabolic bone diseases are crucial, particularly regarding their impact on oral health.
  • The jaws serve as a key site for observing the clinical and microscopic signs of systemic metabolic bone disorders.