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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Necrosis01:16

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Author Spotlight: Developing a Rat Model for Weight-Bearing Intervention to Investigate Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
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Author Spotlight: Developing a Rat Model for Weight-Bearing Intervention to Investigate Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

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Osteochemonecrosis: an overview.

John Hellstein1

  • 1University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA, john-hellstein@uiowa.edu.

Head and Neck Pathology
|November 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Medications like bisphosphonates and denosumab are increasingly linked to osteochemonecrosis of the jaw. This review updates pathologists on historical, clinical, gross, and histopathologic features of this condition.

Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) has a long history, but recent medication advancements have led to a surge in cases.
  • Bisphosphonates remain common, but newer agents like denosumab are also implicated in medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated narrative review of osteochemonecrosis, focusing on histopathologic features.
  • To include discussion on gross examination findings, which may be less commonly reported.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature on osteochemonecrosis.
  • Focus on histopathologic and gross examination features.

Main Results:

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  • Medications including bisphosphonates, VEGF inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and humanized antibodies are associated with ONJ.
  • Denosumab, an antibody targeting osteoclastic action, is increasingly reported in ONJ cases.

    • Conclusions:

    • Pathologists require a comprehensive understanding of ONJ, encompassing its history, clinical context, gross, and histopathologic characteristics.
    • This review aims to enhance pathologist's diagnostic capabilities for ONJ.