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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the...
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Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
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Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated...
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Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Cognitive disorders in diabetic patients.

Paula S Koekkoek1, Guy E H M Rutten1, Geert Jan Biessels2

  • 1Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Diabetes is linked to cognitive decline and higher dementia risk in adults. Early onset for type 1 diabetes and vascular factors for type 2 diabetes are key risk factors for cognitive impairment.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseType 1 diabetesbrain MRIcognitive functioningdementiarisk factorstype 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus, encompassing type 1 and type 2, is a global health concern.
  • Growing evidence links diabetes to cognitive dysfunction and increased dementia risk.
  • Understanding these links is crucial for managing patient health and preventing cognitive decline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive literature review on cognitive dysfunction in adults with diabetes.
  • To explore the relationship between diabetes, brain abnormalities, and cognitive performance.
  • To identify risk factors and discuss preventive strategies for diabetes-related cognitive impairment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies evaluating cognitive function in diabetic adults.
  • Analysis of diabetes-associated brain abnormalities using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
  • Examination of risk factors, including age at onset and vascular comorbidities.

Main Results:

  • Diabetes is associated with poorer cognitive functioning and elevated dementia risk.
  • Brain MRI reveals abnormalities like reduced brain volume (cerebral atrophy) and vascular lesions in diabetic patients.
  • While group-level correlations exist between imaging findings and cognitive dysfunction, individual patient correlations are less clear.
  • Early age at onset is a significant risk factor for cognitive issues in type 1 diabetes.
  • Vascular risk factors and comorbidities are key indicators for cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetes significantly impacts cognitive function and increases dementia risk.
  • Brain structural changes are evident in diabetic individuals, though their direct clinical relevance varies.
  • Identifying specific risk factors for different diabetes types is essential for targeted interventions.
  • Preventive measures and tailored daily care strategies are vital for mitigating cognitive decline in diabetic patients.