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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Laser Doppler: A Tool for Measuring Pancreatic Islet Microvascular Vasomotion In Vivo
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Stroke and diabetes mellitus.

Michael D Hill1

  • 1Stroke Unit, Foothills Hospital, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetes accelerates vascular aging, doubling stroke risk. Current glucose-lowering therapies do not improve stroke prognosis or prevention in diabetic patients.

Keywords:
Ischemic strokeintracerebral hemorrhagelacunar strokesmall subcortical strokesubarachnoid hemorrhagevenous sinus thrombosis

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is characterized by accelerated vascular aging.
  • Diabetic patients face a doubled risk of stroke compared to non-diabetics.
  • Hyperglycemia's role as a cause versus a marker of poor stroke outcomes is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of glucose-lowering therapies in improving stroke prognosis for diabetic patients.
  • To assess the impact of current treatments on long-term stroke risk prevention in diabetes.
  • To explore emerging therapeutic strategies for macrovascular complications in diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical data and therapeutic guidelines for diabetes and stroke.
  • Analysis of the association between hyperglycemia and stroke outcomes.
  • Examination of the effects of glucose-lowering interventions on stroke incidence and prognosis.

Main Results:

  • Glucose-lowering interventions have not demonstrated improved prognosis or long-term stroke risk prevention in diabetic individuals.
  • Current stroke prevention and treatment strategies for diabetic patients are largely generic.
  • The prognostic significance of hyperglycemia post-stroke remains unclear, potentially serving as a marker rather than a direct cause.

Conclusions:

  • Existing glucose-lowering therapies offer no specific benefit for stroke prevention or outcome in diabetic patients.
  • Novel therapeutic agents are emerging, offering potential future improvements for macrovascular complications like stroke in diabetes.
  • Further research is needed to determine the impact of new agents on stroke outcomes in the diabetic population.