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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

Sensory Functions of the Skin

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
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Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

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Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory...
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Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen...
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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

6
Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
6
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Three-dimensional Imaging of Nociceptive Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers in Human Skin Biopsies
11:22

Three-dimensional Imaging of Nociceptive Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers in Human Skin Biopsies

Published on: April 29, 2013

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Epidermal innervation in diabetes.

Gigi Ebenezer1, Michael Polydefkis2

  • 1Cutaneous Nerve Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epidermal nerve fiber (ENF) density measurement is a valuable tool for diagnosing small fiber neuropathy and diabetic neuropathy. This noninvasive method also shows promise for assessing neuropathic pain and axonal regeneration.

Keywords:
DiabetesPGP 9.5Schwann cellsepidermal nerve fibersregenerationskin biopsysmall fiber neuropathy

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Three-dimensional Imaging and Analysis of Mitochondria within Human Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers
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Three-dimensional Imaging and Analysis of Mitochondria within Human Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers

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Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones
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Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 20, 2026

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Three-dimensional Imaging and Analysis of Mitochondria within Human Intraepidermal Nerve Fibers
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Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones
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Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining of Mouse Sensory Nerve Fibers Innervating Skin and Limb Bones

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Dermatology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Skin innervation involves sensory and autonomic fibers, with sensory fibers terminating as free nerve endings in the epidermis.
  • Small fiber neuropathy often presents with alterations in these epidermal nerve fibers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the utility of epidermal nerve fiber (ENF) density determination as a diagnostic and prognostic tool.
  • To emphasize the potential of ENF density as a biomarker for neuropathic pain and axonal regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemical analysis to determine epidermal nerve fiber (ENF) density.
  • Noninvasive sampling of superficial epidermal nerves.
  • Standardized injury models to assess axonal regeneration.

Main Results:

  • ENF density measurement offers insights into nerve fiber populations altered in small fiber neuropathy.
  • This method enables earlier diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy.
  • ENF density serves as a sensitive indicator of neuropathic progression and a potential biomarker for neuropathic pain.

Conclusions:

  • Epidermal nerve fiber density is a powerful tool for diagnosing and monitoring small fiber neuropathy and diabetic neuropathy.
  • Its noninvasive nature and sensitivity make it valuable for assessing neuropathic pain and guiding clinical trials for regenerative therapies.