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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

3
Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

1.4K
Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

2
Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose...
2
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

9
Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the...
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

1
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Osmotic Minipump Implantation for Increasing Glucose Concentration in Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid
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Neurologic damage in hypoglycemia.

Simin Mohseni1

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Hypoglycemia, a common condition in diabetics, can harm the central and peripheral nervous systems. This study details the damaging effects and mechanisms of hypoglycemia on nerve cells.

Keywords:
AxonCNSPNScell deathhypoglycemiainfantsinsulinomaneuronneuropathypathology

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, affects diabetic patients, insulinoma patients, and infants.
  • Severe hypoglycemia can cause brain damage, while prolonged episodes impact the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural and functional disturbances in the central nervous system (CNS) and PNS caused by hypoglycemia.
  • To differentiate the pathological mechanisms of CNS versus PNS damage in hypoglycemia.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hypoglycemia-induced neurological damage.
  • Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to neuronal cell death in the CNS.
  • Examination of axonal degeneration patterns and conduction velocity changes in the PNS.

Main Results:

  • CNS damage involves mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and apoptosis.
  • PNS damage is characterized by a 'dying back' axonal degeneration, affecting motor nerves more severely.
  • Chronic hypoglycemia leads to delayed nerve conduction velocities.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoglycemia induces distinct neuropathological changes in the CNS and PNS.
  • Mechanisms of PNS damage, such as Wallerian-like degeneration, may differ from CNS excitotoxicity.