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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Nociception01:44

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Pain01:20

Pain

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

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Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory...
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Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
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Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice
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Painful neuropathy: Mechanisms.

Corinne A Lee-Kubli1, Nigel A Calcutt2

  • 1Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic neuropathy pain is a growing concern with poorly understood mechanisms and variable treatments. Research in animal models reveals pain amplification in the spinal cord and brain, guiding new therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
Type 1Type 2allodyniaanimal modelscentralhyperalgesiamechanismspainful diabetic neuropathyperipheralstreptozotocintherapies

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Pain Research

Background:

  • Diabetic neuropathy is a significant complication of diabetes, characterized by neuropathic pain.
  • Current treatments for painful diabetic neuropathy have limited efficacy and do not address underlying disease mechanisms.
  • Understanding the pathogenesis of painful diabetic neuropathy is crucial for developing effective therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of painful diabetic neuropathy pathogenesis.
  • To explore the utility of rodent models in studying neuropathic pain.
  • To identify potential therapeutic strategies for painful diabetic neuropathy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical studies using rat and mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  • Analysis of pain indices, including allodynia, hyperalgesia, and spontaneous pain.
  • Examination of evidence for peripheral, spinal, and central nervous system contributions to pain.

Main Results:

  • Rodent models consistently demonstrate neuropathic pain, particularly in type 1 diabetes models.
  • Pain amplification in the spinal cord (disinhibition, neuroinflammation) and brain (thalamic activity, cortical inhibition) contributes to pathogenesis.
  • Several therapeutic strategies targeting disease mechanisms, nociceptive function, and pain amplification have shown promise in preclinical studies.

Conclusions:

  • Painful diabetic neuropathy involves complex mechanisms extending beyond the peripheral nervous system.
  • Rodent models provide valuable insights into pain generation and amplification sites.
  • Future research should focus on unraveling pathogenic complexity and developing individualized, targeted therapies.