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Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. This extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of fibrous proteins like collagen, elastin, and fibronectin in a ground substance consisting of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. The proteoglycans form a gel-like material in the spaces between cells and provide hydration, buffering, binding, and force...
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In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, the molecules in the ECM maintain the structural integrity of tissue as well as the remarkable specific properties of certain tissues.
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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and...
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Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
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ECM in brain aging and dementia.

Markus Morawski1, Mikhail Filippov2, Athina Tzinia3

  • 1University of Leipzig, EU-ESF Transnational Junior Research Group "MESCAMP", Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany.

Progress in Brain Research
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The brain's extracellular matrix (ECM) is vital for neural structure, function, and development.
  • ECM components like chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans form perineuronal nets, stabilizing synapses and memory but limiting plasticity.
  • Age-related ECM changes are linked to Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of the extracellular matrix and its modulators in brain function and neurological disorders.
  • To highlight the involvement of heparan sulfate proteoglycans and matrix metalloproteinases in neurodegeneration and cognitive processes.
  • To emphasize the need for identifying ECM-modulating molecules for therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ECM composition, function, and its role in neurological diseases.
  • Analysis of the involvement of specific ECM components (chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, heparan sulfate proteoglycans) and enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases).
  • Examination of the ECM's influence on learning, memory, plasticity, and neurodegenerative processes.

Main Results:

  • ECM is crucial for learning and memory through synapse stabilization and neural plasticity regulation.
  • Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are implicated in amyloid clearance and neurodegeneration.
  • Matrix metalloproteinases significantly modify the ECM, impacting brain function and disease pathology.

Conclusions:

  • The extracellular matrix and its modifying enzymes are key regulators of brain plasticity, learning, and memory.
  • Dysregulation of ECM components contributes to Alzheimer's disease and other neurological conditions.
  • Targeting ECM-related molecules offers potential therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.