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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

7
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
7
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

6
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

6
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
6
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

7
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
7

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis
09:52

Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis

Published on: March 9, 2018

11.2K

Suppurative thyroiditis due to aspergillosis: a case report.

Suemi Marui1, Ariella Cabral de Lima Pereira, Raquel Maria de Araújo Maia

  • 1Unidade de Tireoide-Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Avenida Dr Arnaldo 455 Sala 4305, 01246-903 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. suemimar@usp.br.

Journal of Medical Case Reports
|November 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Aspergillus fumigatus can cause severe thyroiditis in immunocompromised patients, often leading to disseminated infection and high mortality. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with antifungals like voriconazole are crucial for better outcomes.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 20, 2026

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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Endocrinology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Aspergillus is a common nosocomial fungal agent causing suppurative thyroiditis.
  • Disseminated infection, often with lung compromise, is typical in Aspergillus thyroiditis.
  • High mortality rates are linked to delayed diagnosis, severe immunosuppression, and thyroid hormone overload.

Observation:

  • A 20-year-old man with systemic lupus erythematosus on corticosteroids presented with fever, neck pain, and pulmonary infection.
  • He developed hypoxemia, shock, anemia, and lymphopenia despite broad-spectrum antibiotics.
  • Thyroid ultrasound showed hypoechogenic clusters, and fine needle aspiration yielded purulent material.

Findings:

  • The patient exhibited laboratory signs of thyrotoxicosis with low triiodothyronine.
  • Despite antifungal treatment (amphotericin B, fluconazole), his condition worsened, leading to death.
  • Aspergillus fumigatus was identified post-mortem, highlighting diagnostic challenges.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering infectious thyroiditis, particularly aspergillosis, in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Prompt diagnosis and management, potentially including voriconazole or amphotericin B alongside antibiotics, are vital for improving survival.
  • Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for invasive fungal infections in at-risk populations.