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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Using a Real-Time Locating System to Measure Walking Activity Associated with Wandering Behaviors Among Institutionalized Older Adults
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A Memetic Algorithm for the Location-Based Continuously Operating Reference Stations Placement Problem in Network

Maolin Tang

    IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics
    |November 22, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new memetic algorithm (MA) optimizes the placement of continuously operating reference stations (CORS) for network real-time kinematic (NRTK) positioning. This approach improves cost-efficiency and positioning accuracy for NRTK services.

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    Area of Science:

    • Geomatics Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Optimization Algorithms

    Background:

    • Network real-time kinematic (NRTK) offers centimeter-level real-time positioning.
    • The strategic placement of continuously operating reference stations (CORS) is crucial for NRTK performance and cost-effectiveness.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To address the location-oriented CORS placement problem for NRTK systems.
    • To develop and evaluate a novel memetic algorithm (MA) for optimizing CORS network design.

    Main Methods:

    • A memetic algorithm (MA) was developed, combining genetic algorithms for exploration and local optimization for exploitation.
    • The MA was applied to the CORS placement problem to determine optimal station locations.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed MA demonstrated superior performance compared to existing methods for the CORS placement problem.
    • Empirical studies validated the MA's scalability and the effectiveness of its hybridization strategy.

    Conclusions:

    • The memetic algorithm provides an effective solution for the location-oriented CORS placement problem in NRTK.
    • The findings highlight the MA's potential to enhance NRTK service quality and reduce operational costs.