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Related Concept Videos

DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Ejecting phage DNA against cellular turgor pressure.

Sanjin Marion1, Antonio Šiber1

  • 1Institute of Physics, Zagreb, Croatia.

Biophysical Journal
|November 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Bacteriophage DNA ejection into bacteria is mainly driven by internal bacterial pressure, not viral confinement. This suggests DNA injection can occur spontaneously into Gram-negative bacteria.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Tailed bacteriophages inject their DNA into host bacteria to initiate infection.
  • The mechanisms governing viral DNA ejection are complex and not fully understood.
  • Physical forces within the bacterium play a significant role in this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vivo dynamics of noncondensed DNA ejection from tailed bacteriophages into bacteria.
  • To determine the relative contributions of viral capsid confinement and bacterial physical conditions to DNA ejection.
  • To estimate the maximum bacterial turgor pressure that permits complete DNA ejection.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo analysis of bacteriophage DNA ejection.
  • Physical modeling based on condensed DNA within the bacterial cell.

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  • Calculation of bacterial turgor pressure limits for DNA ejection.

    • Main Results:

    • Bacterial physical conditions, particularly turgor pressure, are the dominant factors governing DNA ejection.
    • Viral capsid confinement has a minimal impact on DNA ejection, becoming irrelevant in later stages.
    • Calculations indicate a maximal bacterial turgor pressure of approximately 5 atmospheres for complete ejection.

    Conclusions:

    • Bacteriophage DNA ejection into Gram-negative bacteria can occur spontaneously.
    • Active mechanisms are likely unnecessary for DNA injection, driven primarily by host cell turgor pressure.
    • The physical environment within the bacterium is a key determinant of viral DNA delivery efficiency.