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Related Concept Videos

Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

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When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
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Motor Units01:13

Motor Units

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The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
Motor units come in different sizes, with smaller units...
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Motor Units00:46

Motor Units

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A motor unit consists of two main components: a single efferent motor neuron (i.e., a neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibers, which are single cells, but only one motor neuron innervates a single muscle fiber.
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ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Design and Implementation of a Bespoke Robotic Manipulator for Extra-corporeal Ultrasound
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Design and Implementation of a Bespoke Robotic Manipulator for Extra-corporeal Ultrasound

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A 10-mm MR-Conditional Unidirectional Pneumatic Stepper Motor.

Yue Chen1, Christopher D Mershon1, Zion Tsz Ho Tse1

  • 1College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA.

IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics : a Joint Publication of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society and the ASME Dynamic Systems and Control Division
|November 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary

A novel compact, MR-conditional stepper motor was developed for robotic procedures guided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This air-driven device offers precise motion control and minimal image artifact, enhancing interventional capabilities.

Keywords:
MR imaging (MRI)Magnetic resonance (MR)-conditionalpneumatic stepper motor

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Use of a Foot-Induced Digitally Controlled Resistance Device for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation in Patients with Foot Paresis
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Area of Science:

  • Medical Devices
  • Robotics
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background:

  • Robotic devices enhance precision in interventional procedures.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance requires MR-conditional equipment to avoid interference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a compact, MR-conditional stepper motor for MRI-guided robotic interventions.
  • To evaluate the performance and MR-compatibility of the developed stepper motor.

Main Methods:

  • A 10-mm diameter MR-conditional stepper motor was designed and fabricated using seven key components.
  • The motor was driven by alternating air pressure and vacuum, achieving 60° steps.
  • Performance was assessed by measuring torque (max 2.4 mNm) and investigating torque-speed relationships.
  • MR-compatibility was verified in a GE 3T MRI scanner, measuring image artifacts and signal-to-noise ratio reduction.

Main Results:

  • The stepper motor demonstrated a maximum torque of 2.4 mNm and precise 60° step actuation.
  • MR imaging revealed a maximum artifact width of 3 mm.
  • A minimal signal-to-noise ratio reduction of 2.49% was recorded, confirming MR-compatibility.

Conclusions:

  • The developed compact stepper motor is suitable for MR-conditional robotic applications.
  • The device offers precise motion control with negligible impact on MRI quality.
  • This innovation facilitates advanced MRI-guided interventional procedures.