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Related Concept Videos

Conformations of Butane02:20

Conformations of Butane

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Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are...
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Leaving Groups02:14

Leaving Groups

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The nature of leaving groups strongly influences the outcome of a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
In general, in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, a nucleophile displaces a functional group, called the leaving group, from the substrate to give a substituted product. A leaving group departs the substrate molecule through heterolytic cleavage, taking the pair of electrons with it to become a relatively stable weak base in the form of an anion or a neutral molecule.  
In a...
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Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

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The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
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Deindividuation00:57

Deindividuation

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Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual’s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while in a group setting. Why? Because in these group settings, the individual no longer sees themselves as an individual anymore, disinhibiting their behavior and personal restraint.
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In- and Out-Groups01:31

In- and Out-Groups

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People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

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Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
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Welcome to the party, but...

Larry E Beutler1

  • 1Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University.

Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.)
|November 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Common factors (CF) in psychotherapy are important but not sufficient for evidence-based practice. Integrating participant characteristics with CFs offers a more comprehensive approach to effective therapy.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychotherapy Research

Background:

  • Common factors (CF) approaches are proposed as an alternative to empirically supported therapies for evidence-based practice.
  • The authors acknowledge the scholarship supporting CFs but argue they are insufficient for defining optimal therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critique the argument for CF approaches as a sole alternative in evidence-based practice.
  • To propose an integrated model of psychotherapy that accounts for more variables than just CFs.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis and critique of existing arguments on common factors in psychotherapy.
  • Theoretical proposal for an integrated psychotherapy model.

Main Results:

  • Common factors alone do not fully define an optimal and effective therapy.

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  • An integrated approach, considering participant characteristics beyond diagnosis and interventions, explains more variance in outcomes.
  • The authors argue that common factors have been mistakenly equated with nonspecific factors, overlooking specific moderating variables.

    • Conclusions:

    • Psychotherapy research and practice should integrate common factors with specific participant characteristics for a more complete evidence-based model.
    • Amalgamation of factors is less effective than integration for capturing therapeutic complexity.
    • Identifying and incorporating specific moderating variables is crucial for differential therapeutic effects.