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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Fabrication and Characterization of Disordered Polymer Optical Fibers for Transverse Anderson Localization of Light
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Does topology drive fiber polymerization?

Lihong Huang1, Joe Ping-Lin Hsiao, Camilla Powierza

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and ‡Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.

Biochemistry
|November 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new methods to study fibrin polymerization, revealing distinct polymerization dynamics for fibrinogen monomers compared to plasma fibrinogen. This study introduces a novel fibrin assembly mechanism.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Fibrin polymerization is crucial for blood clot formation.
  • Understanding the early stages of fibrin assembly is key to comprehending hemostasis and thrombosis.
  • Existing methods have limitations in capturing transient polymerization intermediates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel procedures for examining the early steps of fibrin polymerization.
  • To characterize the intermediates and kinetics of fibrin assembly.
  • To propose a structural model for fibrin fiber formation.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of fibrinogen monomers via gel filtration.
  • Formaldehyde fixation to stabilize polymerization intermediates.
  • Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for structural analysis.
  • 3D modeling using Chimera software based on crystal structures.

Main Results:

  • Fibrinogen monomers exhibit different polymerization kinetics than plasma fibrinogen.
  • TEM revealed monomers, oligomers, protofibrils, and fibers as transient species.
  • Structural models showed ordered helical protofibrils and two-strand twisted fibers.
  • Protofibril conformation appears to drive fiber assembly.

Conclusions:

  • A novel mechanism for fibrin assembly, driven by protofibril conformation, is proposed.
  • The developed methods provide stable, representative intermediates for studying polymerization.
  • Findings may offer insights into the assembly of other biopolymers.