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Related Concept Videos

Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

Open and closed-loop control systems

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Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal...
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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis
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Sensory feedback in prosthetics: a standardized test bench for closed-loop control.

Strahinja Dosen, Marko Markovic, Cornelia Hartmann

    IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
    |November 25, 2014
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    Summary

    A new Matlab Simulink test bench aids in developing and comparing closed-loop prosthetic control systems. Intensity coding may outperform spatial coding for electrotactile feedback in trained users.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Robotics

    Background:

    • Providing sensory feedback to prosthesis users is crucial for closed-loop control.
    • Developing and comparing closed-loop systems is challenging due to diverse implementation methods.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a standardized Matlab Simulink test bench for configuring and testing closed-loop human control systems.
    • To facilitate the comparison and optimization of different closed-loop system configurations.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a modular and extensible framework in Matlab Simulink with generic blocks and a library of components.
    • Used the test bench to investigate electrotactile feedback (spatial vs. intensity coding) and feedforward control methods (joystick vs. myocontrol).

    Main Results:

    • Intensity coding showed potential superiority over spatial coding for electrotactile feedback in trained subjects.
    • Prosthesis characteristics significantly impacted closed-loop control effectiveness, even with precise interfaces like joysticks.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed test bench is a valuable tool for evaluating closed-loop control systems in prosthetics.
    • Understanding feedback interfaces and prosthesis limitations is key to improving human manual control with sensory feedback.