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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Isolation of Double Negative αβ T Cells from the Kidney
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Double negative (DN) αβ T cells: misperception and overdue recognition.

Maria N Martina1, Sanjeev Noel2, Ankit Saxena2

  • 11] Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Immunology and Cell Biology
|November 26, 2014
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Summary

Double negative (DN) T cells are normal immune cells, not just abnormal ones. Impaired Fas-mediated apoptosis causes their accumulation, suggesting a new model for their role in the immune system.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • T cell biology

Background:

  • CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) αβ T cells are normal immune cells but are poorly understood.
  • Their association with lymphoproliferative disorders (like autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromes) has led to them being viewed as abnormal.
  • The traditional model suggests these abnormal DN T cells arise from CD4 or CD8 T cells losing coreceptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the traditional view of abnormal DN T cells in lymphoproliferation.
  • To propose a new model for the origin and regulation of DN T cells.
  • To stimulate discussion and research into normal DN T cells (nDN T cells).

Main Methods:

  • Revisiting the traditional model of abnormal DN T cells (lpr DN T cells) in light of recent immunological advances.
  • Proposing a new model for DN T cell homeostasis.
  • Analyzing the role of Fas-mediated apoptosis in regulating DN T cell populations.

Main Results:

  • The traditional model of lpr DN T cells is critically re-evaluated and found to be flawed.
  • A new model is proposed: Fas-mediated apoptosis normally removes peripheral DN T cells.
  • Impaired Fas-mediated apoptosis leads to the accumulation of existing DN T cells, not their de novo generation.

Conclusions:

  • The origin of lpr DN T cells and their regulation by the Fas pathway require re-evaluation.
  • Normal DN T cells (nDN T cells) are an important cell type warranting further investigation.
  • The Fas pathway plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of normal DN T cells.