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Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal Achalasia

Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide...

Diverticular Disease of the Colon

Diverticular Disease of the Colon

Diverticular disease involves the formation of diverticula—small sac-like outpouchings of the colonic wall—and their complications. It most commonly affects the sigmoid colon due to higher intraluminal pressure and structural vulnerability. It results from structural weakness and increased pressure in the colon, producing pseudodiverticula that may remain silent or progress to inflammation and serious complications.Structure of DiverticulaIn diverticulosis, these outpouchings are...

Hiatal Hernia

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or...

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

Esophageal perforation is a severe medical condition characterized by a breach in the integrity of the esophageal wall. This breach can occur due to various factors such as trauma, medical procedures, or underlying diseases. When the esophageal wall is compromised, it allows food, fluids, and digestive juices into the chest cavity or adjacent structures, leading to potential complications and health risks.
The location of esophageal perforation can vary, occurring anywhere along the esophagus....

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
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The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

An Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy Designed to Minimize Anastomotic Complications and Optimize Conduit Function

An Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy Designed to Minimize Anastomotic Complications and Optimize Conduit Function

Published on: April 17, 2020

Epiphrenic esophageal diverticula.

Abdolghani Abdollahimohammad¹, Nosratollah Masinaeinezhad¹, Mohammadreza Firouzkouhi¹

¹Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Zabol Medical Sciences University, Zabol, Iran.

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : the Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

|November 26, 2014

Summary

Epiphrenic esophageal diverticula (EED) are rare conditions often caused by esophageal obstruction. Treatment ranges from medical therapy to surgery, with endoscopic options for specific patients.

Keywords:

Diverticulum epiphrenic esophageal

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Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Esophageal Motility Disorders

Background:

Epiphrenic esophageal diverticula (EED) are rare outpouchings in the esophagus, occurring in approximately 1 in 500,000 individuals annually.
EED pathogenesis involves a combination of esophageal obstruction (functional or mechanical) and a localized weakness in the esophageal muscle layer (muscularis propria).

Observation:

Dysphagia is the most frequent, though often unspecific, symptom associated with EED.
Diagnostic modalities include chest radiography, barium esophagography, endoscopy, and esophageal manometry.

Findings:

Treatment strategies encompass conservative medical management, surgical interventions like myotomy, diverticulectomy, and fundoplication.
Endoscopic pneumatic dilation and botulinum toxin injection offer viable alternatives for patients with motility disorders unsuitable for surgery.

Implications:

Accurate diagnosis through a combination of imaging and functional tests is crucial for effective management.
Tailored treatment approaches, including less invasive endoscopic options, can significantly improve outcomes for patients with EED and associated motility issues.