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Related Concept Videos

Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

Sensory Functions of the Skin

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
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Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Sensation01:21

Sensation

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Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of external stimuli, initiating the process known as sensation. This occurs when sensory input, such as light entering the eye, is detected by these receptors, causing chemical changes in the cells of the retina. These cells then convert the sensory stimulus into action potentials that are transmitted to the central nervous system, a process termed transduction.
Absolute thresholds can quantify the sensitivity of sensory...
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Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Sensory Modalities01:15

Sensory Modalities

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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Intravital Two-Photon Imaging of Touch Sensory Axon Morphology in Mouse Skin
07:51

Intravital Two-Photon Imaging of Touch Sensory Axon Morphology in Mouse Skin

Published on: December 30, 2025

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Sensation within the skin.

Joseph R Troisi1

  • 1Saint Anselm College , Manchester, New Hampshire 03102, United States.

ACS Chemical Neuroscience
|November 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This viewpoint explores how internal body signals (interoceptive stimuli) control voluntary actions, offering insights into addiction and anxiety. The operant drug discrimination paradigm is key to understanding these complex behaviors.

Keywords:
cue exposure therapydrug discriminationinteroceptionmotivating operationsnicotinereinforcer devaluation

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral neuroscience
  • Psychopharmacology
  • Addiction research

Background:

  • Traditional models focus on Pavlovian conditioning for drug effects.
  • Operant conditioning, specifically stimulus control, offers an alternative framework.
  • Interoceptive stimuli play a crucial role in voluntary behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reframe understanding of drug discrimination paradigms.
  • To emphasize the role of interoceptive stimulus control in operant behavior.
  • To explore applications in understanding addiction and anxiety.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on the operant drug discrimination paradigm.
  • Analysis of voluntary operant behavior.
  • Consideration of interoceptive discriminative stimulus modulation.

Main Results:

  • The operant drug discrimination paradigm can elucidate addictive behaviors like smoking.
  • This paradigm may also provide insights into anxiety disorders.
  • Interoceptive stimulus control is a significant factor in voluntary actions.

Conclusions:

  • Interoceptive stimulus control is a vital mechanism in voluntary operant behavior.
  • The operant drug discrimination paradigm is a powerful tool for studying addiction and anxiety.
  • A shift from Pavlovian to operant models is beneficial for understanding complex behaviors.