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Surface Membrane Barriers

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The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...
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The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that enable breathing. Air enters the nostrils and mouth, followed by the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), which lead to the trachea (windpipe). In the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi that allow air to enter the lungs. The bronchi split into progressively smaller bronchioles and terminate in small groups of tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder that predominantly affects individuals of Northern European descent, occurring at a rate of 1 in 3500. It is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene on chromosome 7, most commonly the ΔF508 mutation, that codes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. This results in thicker mucus secretions and obstruction pathologies in multiple organs, including the lungs and sinuses.
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In vivo Evaluation of Mucociliary Clearance in Mice
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[Mucociliary clearance system in lung defense].

Francisco Pérez B, Andrea Méndez G, Andrea Lagos R

    Revista Medica De Chile
    |November 27, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    The lung

    Area of Science:

    • Pulmonary immunology
    • Airway biology

    Context:

    • The intrapulmonary airways are protected by the mucociliary clearance system.
    • This system filters 12,000 liters of air daily, facing numerous particles and pollutants.
    • Key components include mucus, cilia, and airway epithelium.

    Purpose:

    • To explain the function and importance of the mucociliary clearance system.
    • To highlight the consequences of its deregulation.

    Summary:

    • The mucociliary clearance system, comprising mucus, cilia, and airway epithelium, maintains airway sterility.
    • Its coordinated function is vital; deregulation leads to mucus alterations, obstruction, and chronic lung diseases.
    • Current treatment options are limited, necessitating further research.

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    Impact:

    • Understanding mucociliary clearance can identify new therapeutic targets for lung diseases.
    • This research may lead to improved treatments for conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).