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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
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Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

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DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
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Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

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Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats
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Progress on diabetic cerebrovascular diseases.

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Diabetic cerebrovascular diseases, linked to diabetes mellitus, significantly increase stroke risk in type 2 diabetes patients. Understanding these conditions is crucial for effective management and improved patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Diabetic cerebrovascular diseases are cerebral vascular complications arising from diabetes-induced metabolic disorders.
  • These conditions affect 20%-40% of type 2 diabetes patients and are a leading cause of mortality.
  • Manifestations include atherosclerosis, stroke, and small vessel disease, differing from non-diabetic counterparts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of diabetic cerebrovascular diseases.
  • To highlight the latest research advancements in the field.
  • To differentiate between diabetic large and small cerebral vessel diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on diabetic cerebrovascular diseases.
  • Analysis of pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis.
  • Review of recent research progress.

Main Results:

  • Diabetic cerebrovascular diseases stem from metabolic dysregulation in diabetes.
  • Significant prevalence (20-40%) in type 2 diabetes, leading to major mortality.
  • Distinct clinical features and outcomes compared to non-diabetic vascular diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetic cerebrovascular diseases represent a critical complication of diabetes mellitus.
  • Further research is needed to understand and manage these conditions effectively.
  • Distinguishing between large and small vessel involvement is key for targeted interventions.