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Related Concept Videos

Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

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The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological...
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Reason and Intuition01:37

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
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Striatal direct and indirect pathways control decision-making behavior.

Tom Macpherson1, Makiko Morita1, Takatoshi Hikida1

  • 1Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto, Japan.

Frontiers in Psychology
|November 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Animals use striatal mechanisms for decision-making and action selection. Recent research reveals distinct roles for striatal neuron subpopulations in goal-directed and social behaviors, advancing our understanding of brain function.

Keywords:
action selectiondirect striatal pathwaydorsal striatumgoal-directed behaviorindirect striatal pathwaymedium spiny neuronsnucleus accumbenssocial behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Biology
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Striatal mechanisms are crucial for associative learning and action selection in animals.
  • Numerous models exist, but specific roles of striatal neuron subpopulations are emerging.
  • Environmental adaptability relies on optimal outcome prediction via brain mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current models of striatal-based decision-making.
  • To discuss recent advances in understanding striatal output pathway functions.
  • To assess the role of striatal dysfunction in neuropathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature and models.
  • Analysis of studies using cell-type-specific technologies.
  • Assessment of neurobiological evidence linking striatal function to behavior.

Main Results:

  • Striatal output pathways exhibit distinct roles in controlling goal-directed and social behaviors.
  • Contemporary cell-type-specific technologies are revealing precise neuronal contributions.
  • Striatal dysfunction is implicated in the etiology of various neuropathologies.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding striatal neuron subpopulations is key to deciphering decision-making.
  • Distinct striatal pathways mediate different behavioral outputs.
  • Striatal dysfunction offers insights into neurological disease mechanisms.