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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...

iPS Cell Differentiation

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

Forced Transdifferentiation

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

In vitro Modeling for Neurological Diseases using Direct Conversion from Fibroblasts to Neuronal Progenitor Cells and Differentiation into Astrocytes

In vitro Modeling for Neurological Diseases using Direct Conversion from Fibroblasts to Neuronal Progenitor Cells and Differentiation into Astrocytes

Published on: June 10, 2021

Cellular reprogramming for understanding and treating human disease.

Riya R Kanherkar¹, Naina Bhatia-Dey¹, Evgeny Makarev²

¹Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University Washington, DC, USA.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

|November 28, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular reprogramming, like the Rosetta Stone, offers new insights into cell biology, development, and disease. This technology enables novel approaches to studying and treating conditions from cancer to infectious diseases.

Keywords:

aging disease epigenetics reprogramming stem cells

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Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors

Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors

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Published on: June 10, 2021

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

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Hemogenic Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts by Enforced Expression of Transcription Factors

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Published on: November 4, 2019

Area of Science:

Cellular biology
Bioengineering
Regenerative medicine

Background:

A paradigm shift in cell biology has occurred over the last two decades.
Cellular reprogramming has advanced from a hypothesis to applied bioengineering.
Stem cells are likened to

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive historical review of stem cells and cellular reprogramming.
To illustrate the synergy between previously unconnected fields.
To demonstrate the potential of stem cells and reprogramming in understanding and treating human diseases.

Main Methods:

Historical review of stem cell research and cellular reprogramming.
Analysis of the synergy between stem cells, reprogramming, and complementary technologies.
Case examples of disease modeling and treatment applications.

Main Results:

Cellular reprogramming provides novel ways to study differentiation, epigenetics, and chromatin.
Stem cells serve as

Conclusions:

Cellular reprogramming and stem cell technology are foundational to regenerative medicine.
The convergence of technologies like gene editing and tissue engineering promises broad therapeutic applications.
Reprogramming offers profound potential for understanding and curing human diseases.