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Related Concept Videos

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
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Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
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Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates
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Click Triazoles for Bioconjugation.

Tianqing Zheng1, Sara H Rouhanifard1, Abubakar S Jalloh1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.

Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry
|November 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Click Chemistry, particularly Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), offers efficient bioconjugation. Newer methods eliminate copper, enabling broader applications in chemical biology for labeling biomolecules.

Keywords:
BioconjugationBioorthogonalClick chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Biology
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Click Chemistry provides rapid, selective reactions yielding high product amounts in aqueous solutions.
  • Copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is a key click reaction, forming 1,4-disubstituted triazoles with high selectivity and bioorthogonality.
  • CuAAC is widely used in chemical biology due to its compatibility with physiological conditions and minimal interaction with biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery of copper(I) catalysts for CuAAC.
  • To discuss the development of strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) as a copper-free alternative.
  • To highlight recent applications of these reactions in bioconjugation for in vitro and in vivo studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on catalyst discovery for CuAAC.
  • Description of the development and principles of strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC).
  • Compilation of recent studies showcasing bioconjugation applications.

Main Results:

  • CuAAC has been extensively applied in chemical biology over the past decade.
  • Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) has been developed, removing the need for copper catalysts.
  • These click chemistry reactions are effective for conjugating various biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, glycans) with biophysical probes.

Conclusions:

  • Click chemistry, especially CuAAC and SPAAC, are powerful tools for bioconjugation.
  • The development of copper-free click reactions expands the possibilities for labeling biomolecules under physiological conditions.
  • These methods are crucial for advancing in vitro and in vivo studies in chemical biology and beyond.