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Related Concept Videos

Plant Hormones01:56

Plant Hormones

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Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
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Plant Hormones01:56

Plant Hormones

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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Plant derived alternatives for hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Dana Seidlova-Wuttke, Hubertus Jarry, Wolfgang Wuttke

    Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation
    |December 2, 2014
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    Summary

    Plant-derived alternatives to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) show promise. Phytoestrogens and black cohosh extracts offer benefits for menopausal symptoms and cancer prevention, while spinach extracts aid in weight management.

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    Area of Science:

    • Phytochemistry and Pharmacology
    • Menopausal Health
    • Metabolic Health

    Background:

    • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) offers benefits for menopausal symptoms, bone health, and body weight but has undesirable side effects.
    • Plant-derived alternatives, including phytoestrogens (from soy or red clover) and black cohosh, are explored as safer options.
    • Recent studies question the efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal complaints, though they may offer protection against mammary cancer when taken during puberty.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the scientific evidence for plant-derived alternatives to HRT, focusing on phytoestrogens, black cohosh, and spinach extracts.
    • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of these natural compounds for menopausal complaints, cancer prevention, and metabolic health.
    • To highlight the importance of placebo-controlled clinical trials in validating the benefits of herbal remedies.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of placebo-controlled clinical trials and scientific literature on phytoestrogens, Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh), and ecdysone from Spinacia oleracea (spinach).
    • Analysis of studies investigating the effects of these plant extracts on climacteric complaints, bone health, body weight, mammary cancer risk, and metabolic parameters.
    • Assessment of the proposed mechanisms of action, including hormonal, neurotransmitter, and anti-inflammatory pathways.

    Main Results:

    • Phytoestrogens' benefits for menopausal symptoms are questioned by recent studies, but they may protect against mammary cancer if taken during puberty.
    • Black cohosh extracts, without estrogenic effects, demonstrate efficacy for menopausal complaints through dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotoninergic, and GABAergic actions in the hypothalamus.
    • Spinach extracts containing ecdysone improve body weight and serum lipids by decreasing body fat and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, benefiting both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and men.

    Conclusions:

    • Solid placebo-controlled clinical trial data support the use of black cohosh for menopausal complaints and spinach extracts for weight management and metabolic health.
    • While phytoestrogens' role in menopausal symptom relief is debated, their potential in cancer prevention warrants further investigation.
    • Robust clinical evidence is crucial for validating claims of beneficial effects from plant extracts for menopausal and postmenopausal conditions.