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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
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A rigid body's rotation around a fixed axis makes every point within it trace a circular path around a specific line or point. The term given to this type of spinning is defined by the angular position, symbolized by the angle θ. This angle is gauged from a static reference line to the revolving object. From this angular position, any variation is referred to as angular displacement, denoted by dθ. The extent of this displacement can be calculated in degrees, radians, or...
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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
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Kinematics is the description of motion. The kinematics of rotational motion discusses the relationships between rotation angle, angular velocity, angular acceleration, and time. One can describe many things with great precision using kinematics, but kinematics does not consider causes. For example, a large angular acceleration describes a very rapid change in angular velocity without any consideration of its cause. Thus, rotational kinematics does not represent the laws of nature.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Three-Dimensional Preoperative Virtual Planning in Derotational Proximal Femoral Osteotomy
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Lower extremity rotational and angular issues in children.

James F Mooney1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, CSB708, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.

Pediatric Clinics of North America
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most childhood lower extremity deformities resolve naturally, requiring no intervention. Primary care providers can manage these common pediatric orthopedic concerns, reducing the need for specialist referrals.

Keywords:
Angular deformityFemoral anteversionRotational deformityTibial torsion

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Familial concerns about rotational and angular deformities are frequent in primary care.
  • Understanding the normal range and natural history of lower extremity development in children is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing the wide normal variations in pediatric lower extremity development.
  • To guide primary care providers in managing common lower extremity rotational and angular issues in children.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the natural history of lower extremity development in pediatric populations.
  • Analysis of common rotational and angular deformities and their typical resolution patterns.

Main Results:

  • The vast majority of lower extremity rotational and angular issues in young children resolve spontaneously.
  • Minimal to no intervention is typically required for these common pediatric conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Primary care providers are well-equipped to manage most cases of perceived lower extremity deformities in children.
  • Referral to pediatric orthopedic surgeons may not be necessary for many of these common, self-resolving conditions, aiding in cost containment and resource allocation.