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Related Concept Videos

Gastric Phase of Digestion01:26

Gastric Phase of Digestion

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The gastric phase of digestion begins as soon as food enters the stomach. The incoming food bolus triggers neural and hormonal mechanisms, which last approximately 3 to 4 hours. During this phase, the stomach undergoes significant changes to prepare the food for further digestion and absorption.
When food enters the stomach, it stretches the stomach walls and activates stretch receptors. This triggers local reflexes of the enteric nervous system, mediated through the myenteric plexus. These...
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Stomach pH Regulation01:21

Stomach pH Regulation

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The human body carefully regulates the internal pH of different organs to maintain homeostasis. For example, while the blood plasma maintains a neutral pH of 7, the stomach lumen has an acidic pH of 1.5 - 3.5. The low pH of stomach lumen helps kill pathogens in the food and break down complex food molecules.
The acid-secreting gastric mucosal epithelial cells (parietal cells) lining the stomach lumen maintain the low pH in the lumen. Numerous ion transporters and channels on these parietal...
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Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Injurious Factors01:22

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Injurious Factors

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Peptic ulcers are sores on the stomach's inner lining and the upper small intestine, which are the result of disruptions in the mucosal layer that houses parietal cells which produce gastric acid, and chief cells which secrete pepsinogen.
In the antrum region, G cells secrete the gastrin hormone that binds to gastrin-cholecystokinin-B (CCK2) receptors on parietal and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the fundic glands. Simultaneously, the vagus nerve releases acetylcholine, which binds...
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Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Antacids01:31

Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Antacids

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In the complex environment of the gastric lumen, excessive acid secretion can lead to the formation or worsening of ulcers within the delicate mucosal layer. Antacids, such as sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate, provide relief by neutralizing this acid, transforming it into harmless salt and water. This neutralization process raises the gastric pH from a highly acidic level of 1 to a more basic 3-4, reducing the acidity within the stomach.
However, this neutralization reaction between...
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Gastritis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Gastritis II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of gastritis begins with the colonization of the stomach lining by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium spreads mainly via the oral-oral route through saliva or shared utensils, and can also be transmitted in overcrowded or unhygienic environments through contaminated water, despite its brief survival outside the body.ColonizationOnce ingested, H. pylori enters the stomach and begins colonization by navigating through the mucus layer lining the stomach wall. It...
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Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach01:25

Mucosal Barrier of the Stomach

3.0K
The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
Within parietal cells, carbonic acid is first formed through the reaction of water and carbon dioxide. The dissociation of carbonic acid releases bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
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Gastric acid secretion: changes during a century.

Francesco Di Mario1, Elisabetta Goni1

  • 1Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, School of Medicine, Via Gramsci 14, 43125, Parma, Italy.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Gastric physiology knowledge has advanced significantly, focusing on acid secretion, related diseases, and drug use. Recent decades show decreased H. pylori and cancer but increased GERD and proton pump inhibitor use.

Keywords:
Acid regulatory drugsChronic atrophic gastritisDyspepsiaGERDGastric acid secretionGastric cancer riskGastric physiologyHelicobacter pylori infectionPeptic ulcer disease

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Real-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Gastric physiology knowledge has seen major advances over the last century.
  • Recent decades have witnessed significant epidemiological shifts in gastrointestinal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of recent literature on gastric physiology.
  • To highlight key milestones in gastric acid secretion, pathophysiology, and acid-related diseases.
  • To examine the evolving landscape of acid regulatory drug use.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Analysis of epidemiological trends in gastric conditions.
  • Synthesis of information on gastric acid secretion and related diseases.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in understanding gastric acid secretion and pathophysiology.
  • A notable decrease in Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer incidence.
  • An increase in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and widespread use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).

Conclusions:

  • The 21st century presents a dynamic picture of gastric health, with declining H. pylori and cancer rates.
  • The rise in GERD necessitates a continued focus on effective acid suppression therapies like PPIs.
  • Ongoing research in gastric physiology remains crucial for managing evolving gastrointestinal diseases.