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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

Published on: July 5, 2011

Does bony increased-offset reverse shoulder arthroplasty decrease scapular notching?

George S Athwal¹, Joy C MacDermid¹, K Murali Reddy¹

¹Roth|McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Center, St. Joseph's Health Care, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery

|December 3, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bony increased-offset reverse shoulder arthroplasty (BIO-RSA) significantly reduced scapular notching compared to standard Grammont-style reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). However, functional outcomes and range of motion showed no significant differences between the two surgical approaches.

Keywords:

BIO-RSA Reverse shoulder arthroplasty complications cuff tear arthropathy scapular notching

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Biomedical Engineering
Musculoskeletal Research

Background:

Scapular notching is a known complication following reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA).
Bony increased-offset reverse shoulder arthroplasty (BIO-RSA) is a modification aimed at potentially reducing complications.
Comparing standard RSA with BIO-RSA is crucial for understanding long-term outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare scapular notching rates between standard RSA and BIO-RSA.
To evaluate differences in range of motion and functional outcomes between the two RSA techniques.
To assess validated outcome scores at a minimum of two years post-surgery.

Main Methods:

A comparative cohort study design was employed with 40 patients (20 per group).
Patients underwent clinical interviews, physical examinations, and radiographic assessment.
Outcomes measured included range of motion, strength, DASH, ASES, Simple Shoulder Test, Constant, and Global Rating of Change scores.

Main Results:

No significant differences were observed in demographic characteristics, range of motion, or functional outcome scores between the RSA and BIO-RSA cohorts.
Scapular notching occurred significantly more frequently in the standard RSA group (75%) compared to the BIO-RSA group (40%).

Conclusions:

BIO-RSA demonstrated a significantly lower rate of scapular notching compared to standard RSA.
Despite reduced notching, BIO-RSA did not show statistically significant improvements in range of motion, strength, or validated outcome scores over standard RSA.