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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma
Kelly J Lafaro1, Aram N Demirjian2, Timothy M Pawlik3
1Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Blalock 688, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Abstract:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common histologic type of primary liver cancer, accounting for between 85% and 90% of these malignancies. The overall prognosis of patients with liver cancer is poor, and an understanding of this disease and its risk factors is crucial for screening at-risk individuals, early recognition, and timely diagnosis. Most HCCs arise in the background of chronic liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and chronic excessive alcohol intake. These underlying causes are characterized by marked variations in geography, gender, and other well-documented risk factors, some of which are potentially preventable.
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