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Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

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Craniofacial anomalies.

Laszlo Nagy1, Joshua C Demke2

  • 1Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, STOP 9406, Lubbock, TX 79430-9406, USA.

Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
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PubMed
Summary

Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of cranial sutures, has genetic and environmental causes. This review covers common forms, genetics, surgical treatments, and outcomes in craniofacial surgery.

Keywords:
BrachycephalyCraniosynostosisDolichocephalyFGFR mutationsMinimally invasive surgeryPlagiocephalyScaphocephalyTrigonocephaly

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Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial Surgery
  • Genetics
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Craniosynostosis involves premature fusion of cranial sutures, linked to genetic and environmental factors.
  • Isolated single-suture synostosis is often sporadic, while syndromic forms are frequently associated with FGFR mutations.
  • Understanding the diverse etiologies is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the etiology and clinical manifestations of common craniosynostosis forms.
  • To provide an overview of the genetic basis of craniosynostosis.
  • To examine surgical management strategies and outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of etiology, genetics, and clinical presentations.
  • Analysis of historical and current surgical techniques.
  • Review of outcomes data and emerging trends in craniofacial surgery.

Main Results:

  • FGFR mutations are key in syndromic craniosynostosis.
  • A range of surgical approaches exist for both isolated and syndromic cases.
  • Outcomes data show variability, with ongoing advancements in surgical techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Craniosynostosis management requires a comprehensive understanding of its varied causes and genetic underpinnings.
  • Surgical interventions have evolved significantly, with continuous improvements in patient outcomes.
  • Future directions focus on refining techniques and addressing controversies in craniofacial surgery.