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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Mammosphere Assay Reveals Api5-Induced Stemness in Non-Tumorigenic Breast Epithelial Cell Lines
07:36

Mammosphere Assay Reveals Api5-Induced Stemness in Non-Tumorigenic Breast Epithelial Cell Lines

Published on: February 24, 2026

204

Vitamin D compounds reduce mammosphere formation and decrease expression of putative stem cell markers in breast

Joseph Wahler1, Jae Young So1, Larry C Cheng1

  • 1Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Vitamin D compounds, including BXL0124, reduce breast cancer stem cell populations and inhibit mammosphere formation. This suggests vitamin D may play a role in preventing breast cancer progression and recurrence.

Keywords:
Breast cancerMammosphereStem cellVitamin DVitamin D analog

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Synthesis and Characterization of an Aspirin-fumarate Prodrug that Inhibits NFκB Activity and Breast Cancer Stem Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) drive tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence.
  • BCSCs exhibit resistance to conventional therapies.
  • Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) progresses to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC); vitamin D compounds previously inhibited this progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if vitamin D compounds influence breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs).
  • To determine the effect of vitamin D on stem cell-like populations and activity in breast cancer models.

Main Methods:

  • MCF10DCIS cells were treated with vitamin D compounds (1α25(OH)2D3 or BXL0124).
  • BCSC populations were identified by CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) and CD49f(+)/CD24(-/low) markers.
  • Mammosphere cell culture system was used to assess stem cell activity and morphology.
  • Expression of stem cell and pluripotency markers (CD44, CD49f, c-Notch1, pNFκB, OCT4, KLF-4) was analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Vitamin D treatment reduced the proportion of BCSCs in MCF10DCIS cells.
  • Mammospheres formed by treated cells showed more organized, symmetrical, and circular shapes compared to untreated cells.
  • Mammosphere forming efficiency (MFE) was significantly decreased by vitamin D compounds.
  • Treatment repressed stem cell-like phenotype markers (CD44, CD49f, c-Notch1, pNFκB) and pluripotency markers (OCT4, KLF-4).

Conclusions:

  • Vitamin D compounds effectively repress the breast cancer stem cell-like population.
  • These findings suggest a potential mechanism for vitamin D in inhibiting breast cancer progression and recurrence.
  • Vitamin D may offer a therapeutic strategy targeting BCSCs.