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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage
Published on: August 4, 2021
[Early recurrent miscarriage: Evaluation and management]
V Gallot1, S Nedellec1, P Capmas2
1Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Antoine-Béclère, AP-HP, 157, rue de la Porte-de-Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France.
Objective:
To establish recommendations for early recurrent miscarriages (≥3 miscarriages before 14weeks of amenorrhea).
Materials And Methods:
Literature review, establishing levels of evidence and recommendations for grades of clinical practice.
Results:
Women evaluation includes the search for a diabetes (grade A), an antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) (grade A), a thyroid dysfunction (grade A), a hyperprolactinemia (grade B), a vitamin deficiency and a hyperhomocysteinemia (grade C), a uterine abnormality (grade C), an altered ovarian reserve (grade C), and a couple chromosome analysis (grade A). For unexplained early recurrent miscarriages, treatment includes folic acid and progesterone supplementation, and a reinsurance policy in the first quarter (grade C). It is recommended to prescribe the combination of aspirin and low-molecular-weight heparin when APS (grade A), glycemic control in diabetes (grade A), L-Thyroxine in case of hypothyroidism (grade A) or the presence of thyroid antibodies (grade B), bromocriptine if hyperprolactinemia (grade B), a substitution for vitamin deficiency or hyperhomocysteinemia (grade C), sectionning a uterine septum (grade C) and treating an uterine acquired abnormality (grade C).
Conclusion:
These recommendations should improve the management of couples faced with early recurrent miscarriages.
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