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Related Concept Videos

Insomnia01:27

Insomnia

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Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, and waking up too early without being able to return to sleep. People with insomnia often experience these disruptions at least three nights a week for at least one month. Chronic insomnia, which lasts for at least three months, can lead to increased anxiety, which in turn can worsen sleep difficulties, creating a cycle of sleeplessness and stress.
Multiple factors contribute...
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Management of Insomnia01:19

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The sleep cycle, an integral part of human health, consists of several stages with distinct characteristics and functions. It begins with a transition from wakefulness to sleep, known as the light sleep phase, followed by the restorative deep sleep phase, essential for physical recovery and growth. The cycle concludes with the Rapid Eye Movement (REM) phase, characterized by high brain activity and vivid dreaming. Insomnia, a prevalent sleep disorder, involves difficulty falling asleep, staying...
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Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Deprivation01:13

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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines01:14

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CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
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Persistent insomnia is associated with mortality risk.

Sairam Parthasarathy1, Monica M Vasquez2, Marilyn Halonen3

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson; Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson.

The American Journal of Medicine
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Persistent insomnia, unlike intermittent insomnia, is linked to a higher mortality risk and increased systemic inflammation. This study highlights the importance of addressing chronic sleep disturbances for long-term health outcomes.

Keywords:
CardiovascularChronic insomniaMortalitySleep

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Area of Science:

  • Sleep Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Inflammation Research

Background:

  • Insomnia is a known risk factor for mortality, but distinctions between persistent and intermittent forms remain unclear.
  • The influence of systemic inflammation on the insomnia-mortality association requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential association of persistent versus intermittent insomnia with long-term mortality risk.
  • To examine the role of systemic inflammation, specifically C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, in this association.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from a community-based cohort with a 6-year assessment of insomnia and a 20-year mortality follow-up.
  • Measured serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels over two decades to track inflammation changes.
  • Employed adjusted Cox proportional-hazards models, controlling for confounders like age, sex, BMI, and lifestyle factors.

Main Results:

  • Persistent insomnia (9%) was associated with increased all-cause and cardiopulmonary mortality (HR 1.58), while intermittent insomnia (18%) was not (HR 1.22).
  • Subjects with persistent insomnia exhibited higher serum CRP levels and a steeper increase in CRP over time compared to intermittent or never insomnia groups.
  • Elevated CRP levels were independently associated with mortality, but did not fully explain the link between persistent insomnia and mortality.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent insomnia, but not intermittent insomnia, significantly increases the risk of all-cause and cardiopulmonary mortality.
  • Persistent insomnia is characterized by a more pronounced and escalating inflammatory response, indicated by rising CRP levels.