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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates
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Reprogramming the genome to totipotency in mouse embryos.

Li-quan Zhou1, Jurrien Dean1

  • 1Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Trends in Cell Biology
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Artificial derivation of pluripotent stem cells is inefficient. Gamete fusion efficiently reprograms cells to totipotency, offering insights for regenerative medicine therapies.

Keywords:
embryonic genome activationepigenetic modificationpreimplantation developmentreprogrammingtotipotency

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Stem cell biology

Background:

  • Artificial derivation of pluripotent stem cells is inefficient.
  • Incomplete reprogramming limits regenerative medicine applications.
  • Fertilization triggers efficient epigenetic reprogramming to totipotency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent discoveries on epigenetic reprogramming to totipotency in vivo.
  • To understand molecular mechanisms of reprogramming after fertilization.
  • To improve artificial reprogramming of differentiated cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms in early embryonic development.
  • Comparison of in vivo and in vitro reprogramming processes.

Main Results:

  • Fertilization initiates robust epigenetic reprogramming.
  • Specific molecular pathways facilitate the transition to totipotency.
  • Understanding natural reprogramming can guide artificial methods.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming to totipotency in vivo is highly efficient.
  • Insights from fertilization can enhance therapeutic cell reprogramming.
  • Further research into molecular mechanisms is crucial for regenerative medicine.