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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
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The circadian clock machinery controls adiponectin expression.

Maayan Barnea1, Nava Chapnik1, Yoni Genzer1

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The circadian clock regulates adiponectin expression, a key adipokine in metabolism. This regulation occurs via the circadian expression of its transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and its co-activator PGC1α.

Keywords:
AdiponectinBiological clockCircadian rhythmsDiabetesInsulin resistancePromoter

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic regulation
  • Circadian biology
  • Molecular endocrinology

Background:

  • Adiponectin is an adipokine crucial for glucose and lipid metabolism.
  • Adiponectin expression follows a circadian pattern.
  • Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c mediates adiponectin expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of circadian clock transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1 in regulating adiponectin expression.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms linking the circadian clock to adiponectin gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of adiponectin expression in mouse white adipose tissue and differentiated adipocytes.
  • Cell culture experiments involving reconstitution of the core clock mechanism.
  • Small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments to assess gene function.

Main Results:

  • Adiponectin expression is regulated by the circadian clock.
  • The clock influences adiponectin expression through the circadian regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and its co-activator PPARγ co-activator 1α (PGC1α).
  • Evidence suggests the circadian clock directly activates the adiponectin promoter.

Conclusions:

  • Adiponectin expression is under circadian clock control.
  • The circadian regulation of PPARγ and PGC1α is a key mechanism in this process.
  • The circadian clock directly modulates adiponectin gene expression.