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Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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What are Second Messengers?01:12

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Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Phosphoinositide signalling in Drosophila.

Sruthi S Balakrishnan1, Urbashi Basu1, Padinjat Raghu1

  • 1National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are crucial lipids in eukaryotic cells. This review explores PtdInsP signaling in Drosophila, comparing its toolkit to mammals and highlighting insights into metazoan biology.

Keywords:
Cell and developmental biologyDrosophilaMembranesOrganelle identityPhosphoinositidesReceptor signalling

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are vital lipids regulating conserved eukaryotic cellular processes.
  • These processes include signal transduction, vesicular transport, and cytoskeletal dynamics.
  • Initial understanding derived from mammalian cells; model organisms like Drosophila have expanded knowledge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of PtdInsP signaling in Drosophila.
  • To perform a comparative genomic analysis of PtdInsP signaling components between Drosophila and mammals.
  • To explore how Drosophila research can illuminate PtdInsP roles in metazoan physiology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on PtdInsP signaling.
  • Comparative genomic analysis of PtdInsP pathway enzymes and lipid-binding proteins.
  • Discussion of cell and developmental biology studies in Drosophila.

Main Results:

  • Provides an overview of PtdInsP signaling mechanisms in Drosophila.
  • Identifies conserved and divergent elements in PtdInsP signaling toolkits between Drosophila and mammals.
  • Highlights specific cellular and developmental contexts in Drosophila where PtdInsPs play key roles.

Conclusions:

  • Drosophila serves as a powerful model for studying PtdInsP signaling in multicellular organisms.
  • Comparative genomics reveals conserved and unique aspects of PtdInsP regulation.
  • Further research in Drosophila promises significant insights into fundamental metazoan biology.