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Effects of heat acclimation on time perception.

Maria Tamm¹, Ainika Jakobson¹, Merle Havik¹

¹Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia; Doctoral School of Behavioural, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia.

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology

|December 3, 2014

Summary

Heat acclimation improves cognitive function during prolonged exercise in hot environments. Acclimated individuals showed better time perception, unlike unacclimated subjects who experienced altered temporal processing due to heat stress.

Keywords:

Core temperature Heart rate Heat acclimation Internal clock Interval production Prolactin Time perception

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Area of Science:

Exercise Physiology
Environmental Physiology
Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

Prolonged exercise in hot environments impairs cognitive performance.
Heat stress affects both peripheral physiological markers and central nervous system (CNS) functioning.
Repeated heat exposure leads to physiological adaptations, enhancing exercise capacity and cognitive function.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate factors influencing time perception under heat stress.
To evaluate the impact of heat acclimation on temporal processing during exercise.
To correlate physiological responses with cognitive performance in heat.

Main Methods:

20 healthy males performed treadmill tests in hot (42°C) and temperate (22°C) conditions before and after a 10-day heat acclimation program.
Continuous monitoring of core temperature (Tc), heart rate (HR), and subjective ratings (fatigue, exertion).
Blood samples analyzed for prolactin, growth hormone, and cortisol; interval production tasks assessed time perception.

Main Results:

Heat acclimation resulted in a lower rise in Tc, HR, hormone levels, and subjective ratings, confirming successful adaptation.
Unacclimated subjects exhibited speeded temporal processing after 60 minutes of exercise, an effect absent in acclimated subjects.
Blood prolactin concentration was a significant predictor of temporal performance in both heat-stressed and temperate conditions.

Conclusions:

Heat acclimation attenuates physiological strain and improves temporal processing during exercise in the heat.
Adaptation to heat stress normalizes time perception, suggesting a protective effect on CNS functioning.
Findings support the internal clock model, indicating altered pacemaker-accumulator function under heat stress without acclimation.