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Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...

Rectangular and Triangular Pulse Function

Rectangular and Triangular Pulse Function

The unit rectangular pulse function is mathematically represented by a rectangular function centered at the origin with a height of one unit. This function is defined by two parameters: T, which specifies the center location of the pulse along the time axis, and τ, which determines the pulse duration.
For example, consider a rectangular pulse with a 5V amplitude, a 3-second duration, and centered at t=2 seconds. This pulse can be expressed using the rectangular function, written as,

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Published on: December 28, 2010

Theta-burst LTP.

John Larson¹, Erin Munkácsy²

¹Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.

|December 3, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Theta-burst stimulation effectively induces hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) by disabling inhibition and activating NMDA receptors. This method provides a sensitive model for studying LTP induction mechanisms in the brain.

Keywords:

AMPA CA1 GABA Hippocampus LTP Long-term potentiation NMDA Theta burst stimulation

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Standardized Induction and Assessment of Long-term Potentiation-like Cortical Plasticity Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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Standardized Induction and Assessment of Long-term Potentiation-like Cortical Plasticity Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Standardized Induction and Assessment of Long-term Potentiation-like Cortical Plasticity Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: November 7, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Synaptic Plasticity
Cellular Electrophysiology

Background:

Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is crucial for learning and memory.
Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) mimics natural neuronal firing patterns.
Understanding LTP induction rules is key to deciphering memory formation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the spatial and temporal mechanisms of LTP induction by TBS in the hippocampus.
To highlight TBS as an efficient and sensitive method for studying LTP.
To elucidate the role of NMDA receptors and disinhibition in TBS-induced LTP.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on hippocampal LTP and TBS.
Analysis of electrophysiological data from TBS experiments.
Presentation of new data on TBS efficiency and synaptic interaction domains.

Main Results:

TBS at theta frequency (~5 Hz) maximizes LTP by disabling feed-forward inhibition via presynaptic GABA autoreceptors (priming).
NMDA receptor activation and subsequent calcium influx are proximal triggers for LTP.
TBS is more efficient than other stimulation types and shows limited associative interactions within major dendritic domains.

Conclusions:

TBS-induced LTP is a robust model for stable potentiation.
TBS provides a sensitive tool to probe events preceding or downstream of NMDA receptor activation.
The findings offer insights into the rules governing synaptic plasticity and memory.