Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Equity Theory

Equity Theory

Equity theory explains how our sense of fairness influences the dynamics of close relationships. Rooted in social psychology, the theory posits that individuals evaluate fairness by comparing the ratio of their contributions to the rewards they receive. Relationship satisfaction is highest when these ratios are perceived as balanced between partners, promoting mutual reciprocity and a sense of justice.Equity vs. Equality in RelationshipsEquity is distinct from equality. Fairness does not...

Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison

Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison

Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...

Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other

Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other

According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group...

Social Exchange Theory

Social Exchange Theory

As formulated by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, Social Exchange Theory explains human relationships as economic-like exchanges that maximize rewards and minimize costs. This theory suggests that individuals engage in relationships to gain benefits and reduce burdens, similar to economic transactions. It has been widely applied to various types of relationships, including romantic, professional, and social interactions.Rewards and Costs in RelationshipsRelationship rewards include emotional...

Social Exchange Theory

Social Exchange Theory

We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).

Social Foundations of Self III: Self-Evaluation

Social Foundations of Self III: Self-Evaluation

Self-evaluation is the process by which individuals assess their abilities, behaviors, and characteristics based on feedback from others. Charles H. Cooley observed that a person’s self-perception is primarily influenced by how others see and judge them. He suggested that individuals form their identities based on their interpretations of others' reactions. As a result, social interactions play a crucial role in shaping self-esteem and personal identity. These external evaluations often...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Outcomes and Prognostic Factors for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Who Underwent Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A KSGCT Multicenter Analysis.

Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation·2020

Same author

Characterization of physicochemical and digestive properties of starches from various "dainagon" adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) cultivated in Japan.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2020

Same author

Association Between Central Blood Pressure and Subclinical Cerebrovascular Disease in Older Adults.

Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)·2019

Same author

Cholestyramine, a Bile Acid Sequestrant, Increases Cecal Short Chain Fatty Acids and Intestinal Immunoglobulin A in Mice.

Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin·2019

Same author

Correction to: Gene expression and DNA methylation changes in BeWo cells dependent on tumor necrosis factor-α and insulin-like growth factor-I.

Human cell·2019

Same author

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for aplastic anemia with pre-transplant conditioning using fludarabine, reduced-dose cyclophosphamide, and low-dose thymoglobulin: A KSGCT prospective study.

American journal of hematology·2019

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

Published on: February 29, 2020

The neural bases for valuing social equality.

Ryuta Aoki¹, Yukihito Yomogida², Kenji Matsumoto²

¹Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, 6-1-1, Tamagawa-gakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8610, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1, Koji-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8471, Japan; Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.

Neuroscience Research

|December 3, 2014

Summary

This review explores the neural basis of social equality, distinguishing between equality of outcome and opportunity. It highlights the unknown brain mechanisms for processing equality of opportunity, crucial for understanding fairness.

Keywords:

Fairness Inequality aversion Ultimatum game Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

More Related Videos

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Published on: March 2, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias

Published on: February 29, 2020

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Published on: March 2, 2011

Area of Science:

Social Neuroscience
Neuroeconomics
Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

Social equality is a key research area in social neuroscience.
Neural mechanisms for equality of outcome are identified, but equality of opportunity remains understudied.
Distinguishing between equality of outcome and opportunity is critical in philosophy and economics.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the distinction between equality of outcome and equality of opportunity.
To discuss empirical approaches for studying the neural valuation of these two concepts.
To elucidate the neural basis of human valuation of social equality.

Main Methods:

Literature review of social neuroscience, philosophy, and economics research.
Conceptual analysis of equality of outcome versus equality of opportunity.
Discussion of potential empirical methodologies for neural investigation.

Main Results:

Equality of outcome and opportunity are distinct concepts with different philosophical and economic implications.
Current neuroscientific research primarily focuses on equality of outcome.
The neural processing of equality of opportunity is largely uncharacterized.

Conclusions:

Understanding the neural basis of equality of opportunity is essential for a comprehensive view of social equality.
Further research is needed to explore the distinct neural mechanisms underlying equality of opportunity.
Differentiating these concepts may enhance explanations of human fairness behaviors.