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Related Concept Videos

Responses to Salt Stress02:02

Responses to Salt Stress

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Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
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Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
Tonicity
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Tonicity in Plants00:53

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Tonicity describes the capacity of a cell to lose or gain water. It depends on the quantity of solute that does not penetrate the membrane. Tonicity delimits the magnitude and direction of osmosis and results in three possible scenarios that alter the volume of a cell: hypertonicity, hypotonicity, and isotonicity. Due to differences in structure and physiology, tonicity of plant cells is different from that of animal cells in some scenarios.
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Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Analysis of Effect of Compound Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Salt Tolerance Analysis of Pepper Capsicum annuum L.
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Macroevolutionary patterns of salt tolerance in angiosperms.

Lindell Bromham1

  • 1Centre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia Lindell.Bromham@anu.edu.au.

Annals of Botany
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Salt tolerance has evolved multiple times across plant families, suggesting it

Keywords:
C4 photosynthesiscomparative analysisenvironmental stress toleranceevolvabilitygrasseshalophytelabilityphylogenysaline adaptationssalt tolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Plant science
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Halophytes, or salt-tolerant plants, represent a small fraction of angiosperm species.
  • Despite their rarity, salt tolerance has evolved independently numerous times across diverse plant lineages.
  • Phylogenetic distribution reveals widespread occurrence of halophytes across angiosperm families.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the macroevolutionary patterns of salt tolerance using phylogenetic analysis.
  • To understand why salt tolerance evolves more readily in certain plant lineages than others.
  • To explore the role of enabling traits and cross-tolerances in the evolution of halophytism.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of salt tolerance across different plant families.
  • Comparative analysis of evolutionary patterns in chenopods versus grasses.
  • Examination of transition and extinction rates in salt-tolerant lineages.

Main Results:

  • Contrasting patterns of salt tolerance evolution observed across families.
  • Chenopods show early evolution and retention of salt tolerance.
  • Grasses exhibit numerous recent, independent origins of salt tolerance, often leading to species-poor clades.

Conclusions:

  • Enabling traits and cross-tolerances may predispose certain lineages to adapt to salinization.
  • Findings are valuable for predicting vegetation community impacts from environmental change.
  • Identifies potential taxa for landscape rehabilitation and agricultural applications.