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Related Concept Videos

Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration01:32

Cytoskeletal Coordination in Cell Migration

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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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Cell migration, the process by which cells move from one location to another, is essential for the proper development and viability of organisms throughout their life. When cells are not able to migrate properly to their ordained locations, various disorders may occur. For example, disruption in cell migration causes chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
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Cell migration is a process by which the cells move from one location to another, playing an essential role in embryological development, repair and regeneration, immune response, and metastasis. Cells migrate in response to chemical or mechanical signals generated by specific organs or tissues. The overall mechanism includes three steps - polarization, protrusion, and release. Polarization involves the formation of a distinct cell front and rear, which determines the direction of movement.
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Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
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Myosins are multimeric motor proteins involved in various cellular processes such as migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Myosin II is the most common type in animal cells, which binds and cross-links actin filaments.
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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons
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Molecules and mechanisms that regulate multipolar migration in the intermediate zone.

Jonathan A Cooper1

  • 1Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Basic Sciences Seattle, Washington, USA.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Neocortical projection neurons switch to multipolar migration in the intermediate zone, extending axons before reorienting for radial migration guided by directional signals.

Keywords:
axonogenesiscortical laminationmini-columnsmultipolar migrationneocortex developmentneuron locomotionneuron migrationradial migration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Neurons migrate to form the neocortex, typically using a bipolar shape.
  • Immature projection neurons in the neocortex's intermediate zone adopt a multipolar morphology.
  • Multipolar migration involves erratic movement and early axon extension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecules and mechanisms regulating multipolar migration.
  • To discuss the impact of multipolar migration on neocortical organization.
  • To explore directional cues influencing neuronal reorientation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neuronal migration.
  • Analysis of in vivo genetic manipulation studies.
  • Discussion of signaling pathways and cell surface receptors.

Main Results:

  • Multipolar cells extend axons in the lower intermediate zone.
  • Cells reorient towards the pia, resuming bipolar radial migration.
  • Directional signals in the intermediate zone are crucial for reorientation after axonogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Multipolar migration is a distinct phase in neocortical development.
  • Specific molecular signals regulate the transition from multipolar to bipolar migration.
  • Understanding multipolar migration is key to understanding neocortical layer and column formation.