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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Calcium ions are essential to contract smooth muscle cells in blood vessels. They enter these cells through voltage-dependent calcium channels, specifically L-type calcium channels in the cell membrane. These L-type calcium channels are integral to the excitation-contraction coupling process in smooth muscle. When a stimulus is received by smooth muscle cells, their membrane depolarizes. This alteration in membrane potential instigates the opening of L-type calcium channels. As a result,...
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Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis
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Decoding dynamic Ca(2+) signaling in the vascular endothelium.

Mark S Taylor1, Michael Francis2

  • 1Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine Mobile, AL, USA.

Frontiers in Physiology
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Endothelial calcium (Ca2+) signals control blood vessel tone. Understanding these dynamic Ca2+ events is crucial for treating cardiovascular diseases and improving vasoregulation.

Keywords:
Calcium dynamicsacquisition and analysisendotheliumspatiotemporal signalingvasodilation

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Automated Analysis of Dynamic Ca2+ Signals in Image Sequences
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Cell Signaling
  • Endothelial Biology

Background:

  • Vasoregulation relies on endothelial calcium (Ca2+), but Ca2+-dependent signaling is not well understood.
  • Localized, dynamic Ca2+ events in the endothelium form a complex signaling network.
  • These signals influence endothelial functions and are implicated in cardiovascular diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent insights into endothelial Ca2+ dynamics.
  • To discuss the sources, functional encoding, and spatiotemporal tuning of these signals.
  • To highlight advances in imaging and analysis for studying Ca2+ signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on endothelial Ca2+ signaling.
  • Discussion of Ca2+ transient origins (internal stores, plasmalemmal channels).
  • Exploration of coupling to K+ channels and effects on vasodilation.
  • Emphasis on advanced imaging and automated high-content analysis.

Main Results:

  • Endothelial Ca2+ signals are localized and dynamic, not global.
  • Spatiotemporal tuning of Ca2+ transients, not just elevation, directs endothelial functions.
  • Altered Ca2+ signaling patterns are linked to endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases.
  • New imaging techniques enable detailed detection and quantification of Ca2+ dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic endothelial Ca2+ transients are key regulators of vasoregulation.
  • Understanding these signals offers therapeutic potential for cardiovascular diseases.
  • Advanced analytical methods are essential for interpreting complex Ca2+ signaling data.