Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

11.8K
Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
11.8K
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

16.2K
Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
16.2K
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

47
Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
47
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

1.2K
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...
1.2K
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

15.8K
Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
15.8K
Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

115.2K
Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
115.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Proteomic Analysis Provides Insights Into PPIP5K2 Function and Its Impact on Corneal Energy Metabolism.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026
Same author

Structural rationalization of IPMK inhibitor potency.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Structural Rationalization of IPMK Inhibitor Potency.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2025
Same author

Biochemical and biophysical characterization of inositol-tetrakisphosphate 1-kinase inhibitors.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2025
Same author

Homeostatic coordination of cellular phosphate uptake and efflux requires an organelle-based receptor for the inositol pyrophosphate IP8.

Cell reports·2024
Same author

X-ray crystallographic analyses of 14 IPMK inhibitor complexes.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates
10:34

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

Published on: September 3, 2011

13.8K

Inositol pyrophosphates: why so many phosphates?

Stephen B Shears1

  • 1Inositol Signaling Group, Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.

Advances in Biological Regulation
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are energy-rich signaling molecules. Their complex structure and high phosphate content suggest ancient origins and varied signaling roles, justifying their cellular energy investment.

Keywords:
AnalogsCell-signalingDiphosphoinositol polyphosphatesInositol pyrophosphatesKinasePhosphorylationStructure

More Related Videos

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
09:22

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: August 13, 2021

2.9K
Extraction and Quantification of Soluble, Radiolabeled Inositol Polyphosphates from Different Plant Species using SAX-HPLC
09:01

Extraction and Quantification of Soluble, Radiolabeled Inositol Polyphosphates from Different Plant Species using SAX-HPLC

Published on: June 26, 2020

7.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates
10:34

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

Published on: September 3, 2011

13.8K
Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
09:22

Absolute Quantitation of Inositol Pyrophosphates by Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: August 13, 2021

2.9K
Extraction and Quantification of Soluble, Radiolabeled Inositol Polyphosphates from Different Plant Species using SAX-HPLC
09:01

Extraction and Quantification of Soluble, Radiolabeled Inositol Polyphosphates from Different Plant Species using SAX-HPLC

Published on: June 26, 2020

7.7K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Signaling
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) are highly phosphorylated signaling molecules present in diverse eukaryotes.
  • Their synthesis and turnover demand significant cellular bioenergetic resources.
  • PP-InsPs feature exceptionally crowded phosphate arrays around an inositol ring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the bioenergetic cost-benefit of PP-InsP signaling.
  • To investigate the evolutionary origins and specificity of PP-InsP actions.
  • To rationalize the complex polyphosphate nature of PP-InsPs.

Main Methods:

  • Review and discussion of existing hypotheses on PP-InsP signaling.
  • Analysis of the structural and functional properties of PP-InsPs.
  • Consideration of evolutionary perspectives on PP-InsP function.

Main Results:

  • PP-InsPs represent a significant bioenergetic investment for cells.
  • Signaling by PP-InsPs may be evolutionarily ancient, potentially explaining non-specific actions.
  • Some PP-InsP signaling pathways exhibit isomer specificity, while others do not.

Conclusions:

  • The high phosphate content of PP-InsPs is linked to their specific and non-specific signaling roles.
  • Understanding PP-InsP properties helps rationalize their bioenergetic cost.
  • Evolutionary ancient origins may influence the observed signaling characteristics of PP-InsPs.