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Ischemic heart disease in women: a focus on risk factors
Puja K Mehta1, Janet Wei1, Nanette K Wenger2
1Barbra Streisand Women׳s Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 127S San Vicente Boulevard, A 3212, Los Angeles, CA 90048.
Insights
Heart disease is a major cause of death for women. This review covers known and emerging risk factors for ischemic heart disease (IHD) in women, emphasizing modifiable lifestyle and emerging factors.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Women's Health
- Preventive Medicine
Background:
- Heart disease is a leading cause of death for women globally.
- Ischemic heart disease (IHD) presents unique challenges in female populations.
- Understanding risk factors is crucial for effective prevention and treatment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review established and novel risk factors for IHD in women.
- To emphasize the importance of recognizing diverse risk factors for cardiovascular health in women.
- To inform healthcare providers about comprehensive risk assessment and management strategies.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of known and emerging risk factors for IHD in women.
- Synthesis of information on traditional, lifestyle, emerging, and psychosocial risk factors.
- Analysis of the impact of these factors on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Main Results:
- Traditional risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking) remain significant.
- Emerging risks include adverse pregnancy outcomes, autoimmune disorders, sleep apnea, and radiation exposure.
- Psychosocial factors (stress, depression, socioeconomic status) significantly contribute to IHD risk in women.
Conclusions:
- Comprehensive management of both traditional and emerging risk factors is essential for women's heart health.
- Healthcare providers must be aware of the multifaceted nature of IHD risk in women.
- Early recognition and intervention are key to reducing the burden of IHD and improving care quality.
Abstract:
Heart disease remains a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in women in the United States and worldwide. This review highlights known and emerging risk factors for ischemic heart disease (IHD) in women. Traditional Framingham risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, as well as lifestyle habits such as unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle are all modifiable. Health care providers should be aware of emerging cardiac risk factors in women such as adverse pregnancy outcomes, systemic autoimmune disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, and radiation-induced heart disease; psychosocial factors such as mental stress, depression, anxiety, low socioeconomic status, and work and marital stress play an important role in IHD in women. Appropriate recognition and management of an array of risk factors is imperative given the growing burden of IHD and need to deliver cost-effective, quality care for women.
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