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Activation Energy01:26

Activation Energy

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Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate of the reaction. However, adding heat to the reaction will increase the rate, since it causes molecules to move faster and increase the likelihood that molecules will collide. The collision and breaking of bonds represents the uphill phase of a reaction and generates the transition state. The transition state is an unstable high-energy state...
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Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes02:14

Combustion Energy: A Measure of Stability in Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

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The low reactivity in alkanes can be attributed to the non-polar nature of C–C and C–H σ bonds. Alkanes, therefore, were  initially termed as “paraffins,” derived from the Latin words: parum, meaning “too little,” and affinis, meaning “affinity.”
Alkanes undergo combustion in the presence of excess oxygen and high-temperature conditions to give carbon dioxide and water. A combustion reaction is the energy source in natural gas, liquified...
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The Kinetic Model of Gases01:24

The Kinetic Model of Gases

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The kinetic model of gases explains the properties of a perfect gas using three main assumptions: molecules move in ceaseless random motion, their size is negligible compared to the distances between them, and they do not interact except during perfectly elastic collisions. The total energy of a gas is the sum of the kinetic energies of all its constituent molecules. The pressure exerted by the gas arises from the continual bombardment of the container walls by billions of colliding molecules.
134
Predicting Reaction Outcomes02:24

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Arrhenius Plots02:34

Arrhenius Plots

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The Arrhenius equation relates the activation energy and the rate constant, k, for chemical reactions. In the Arrhenius equation, k = Ae−Ea/RT, R is the ideal gas constant, which has a value of 8.314 J/mol·K, T is the temperature on the kelvin scale, Ea is the activation energy in J/mole, e is the constant 2.7183, and A is a constant called the frequency factor, which is related to the frequency of collisions and the orientation of the reacting molecules.
The Arrhenius equation can...
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Molecular Kinetic Energy01:21

Molecular Kinetic Energy

6.0K
The word "gas" comes from the Flemish word meaning "chaos," first used to describe vapors by the chemist J. B. van Helmont. Consider a container filled with gas, with a continuous and random motion of molecules. During collisions, the velocity component parallel to the wall is unchanged, and the component perpendicular to the wall reverses direction but does not change in magnitude. If the molecule’s velocity changes in the x-direction, then its momentum is changed.
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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Residues in a Twin-screw Mixing Reactor
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Kinetic study of solid waste pyrolysis using distributed activation energy model.

Anjireddy Bhavanam1, R C Sastry1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, AP, India.

Bioresource Technology
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Pyrolysis of municipal solid waste and agricultural residues was studied. Blending waste with residues lowered the activation energy, indicating easier decomposition for energy recovery.

Keywords:
Agricultural residuesDistributed activation energy modelMunicipal solid wastePyrolysis kineticsThermogravimetric analysis

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Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials
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Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials
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Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials

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Area of Science:

  • Waste Management
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Municipal solid waste (MSW) and agricultural residues present disposal challenges.
  • Pyrolysis offers a method for converting waste into valuable products.
  • Understanding pyrolysis kinetics is crucial for optimizing energy recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pyrolysis characteristics of MSW, ground nut shell, cotton husk, and their blends.
  • To determine the pyrolysis kinetics using the Distributed Activation Energy Model (DAEM).
  • To assess the impact of agricultural residues on MSW pyrolysis behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed.
  • Experiments were conducted from 30-900 °C at heating rates of 10, 30, and 50 °C/min in an inert atmosphere.
  • The Distributed Activation Energy Model (DAEM) was used for kinetic analysis.

Main Results:

  • The maximum degradation rate for all samples occurred during the second pyrolysis stage.
  • Activation energies for agricultural residues were lower than for MSW.
  • Blending MSW with agricultural residues significantly reduced the activation energy for MSW pyrolysis.
  • The DAEM effectively modeled the experimental TGA data.

Conclusions:

  • Agricultural residues can enhance the pyrolysis efficiency of municipal solid waste.
  • Lower activation energies suggest improved decomposition kinetics when blending waste streams.
  • Optimized waste blending can facilitate more efficient energy recovery from solid wastes.