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Related Experiment Videos

Functional neuromuscular stimulation system using an implantable hydroxyapatite connector and a microprocessor-based

K Akazawa, M Makikawa, J Kawamura

    IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
    |July 1, 1989
    PubMed
    Summary

    New hydroxyapatite (HAp) implants and a microprocessor stimulator advance functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) orthoses. These developments offer a promising implantable skin interface for FNS applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Materials Science
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Developing functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) orthoses requires reliable percutaneous interfaces.
    • Sintered hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a biocompatible ceramic material with potential for implantable applications.

    Observation:

    • Button-shaped HAp implants were percutaneously inserted in dogs (up to 23 months) and humans (up to 30 months), showing close skin tissue contact.
    • HAp electrical connectors were implanted in rabbits, successfully delivering electrical stimuli to elicit calf muscle contractions.
    • A microprocessor-based stimulator was developed, capable of processing control signals and delivering 16-channel electrical stimulation.

    Findings:

    • HAp implants demonstrate excellent biocompatibility and stable integration with skin tissue.

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  • Percutaneous HAp connectors facilitate effective electrical signal transmission for muscle stimulation.
  • The developed microprocessor stimulator is functional for controlling FNS in complex muscle groups.

    • Implications:

    • HAp electrical connectors show clinical potential as implantable skin interfaces for FNS.
    • This technology could improve FNS orthosis efficacy and patient outcomes.
    • The integrated system advances rehabilitation strategies for individuals with neuromuscular impairments.