Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

1.4K
Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
1.4K
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

1.1K
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
1.1K
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

1000
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
1000
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

921
α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
921
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

1.0K
Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
1.0K
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

1.7K
Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...
1.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Gaps, Barriers, and Facilitators to Implementing Comprehensive Medication Management in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Care: A Qualitative Study.

Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP·2026
Same author

Major Adverse Kidney Events in the American Indian or Alaska Native Population with Diabetes.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN·2026
Same author

Comparison of Specific Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Kidney Outcomes Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation·2026
Same author

Managing chronic kidney disease according to KDIGO risk categories: A primer for primary care.

Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine·2026
Same author

Comparative effectiveness of sulfonylureas on kidney outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes and moderate cardiovascular risk: a target trial emulation.

BMJ open diabetes research & care·2026
Same author

Comparative Effectiveness of Individual Sodium Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes With Moderate Cardiovascular Risk: Emulation of a Target Trial.

Journal of the American Heart Association·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

9.9K

Incretin-based therapies.

Joshua J Neumiller1

  • 1Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210-1495, USA.

The Medical Clinics of North America
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Incretin-based therapies, including GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors, offer benefits for type 2 diabetes management, particularly in older adults. Careful consideration of side effects like nausea and potential risks is essential for patient selection.

Keywords:
DPP-4 inhibitorsDipeptidyl peptidase 4GLP-1 receptor agonistsGlucagon-like peptide 1Incretin effectIncretin mimeticsPharmacotherapy

More Related Videos

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds
06:09

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds

Published on: April 23, 2018

11.3K
Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices
06:34

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Published on: November 29, 2024

705

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
07:30

Homogeneous Time-resolved Förster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion

Published on: May 10, 2018

9.9K
An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds
06:09

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds

Published on: April 23, 2018

11.3K
Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices
06:34

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Published on: November 29, 2024

705

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Incretin-based therapies, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, are increasingly utilized in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management.
  • These agents are recommended for their low risk of hypoglycemia, efficacy in managing postprandial hyperglycemia, and potential for weight reduction (GLP-1 RAs).
  • Their favorable safety profile regarding hypoglycemia makes them particularly attractive for older adult populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical utility and safety considerations of incretin-based therapies in T2DM treatment.
  • To highlight the benefits and potential drawbacks of GLP-1 RAs and DPP-4 inhibitors, especially in specific patient groups like older adults.
  • To underscore the importance of ongoing research, particularly cardiovascular outcome studies, in guiding therapeutic decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current clinical recommendations and research findings on incretin-based therapies.
  • Analysis of efficacy, safety profiles, and patient-specific factors influencing treatment choices.
  • Consideration of ongoing cardiovascular outcome studies.

Main Results:

  • Incretin-based therapies are valuable for T2DM, offering glycemic control with low hypoglycemia risk.
  • GLP-1 RAs provide potential weight reduction, while both classes address postprandial hyperglycemia.
  • Older adults may benefit but are more susceptible to GLP-1 RA-associated nausea and vomiting; other safety concerns include pancreatitis and renal issues.

Conclusions:

  • Incretin-based therapies offer individualized treatment options for T2DM, with short- and long-acting GLP-1 RAs allowing tailored approaches.
  • Careful patient selection is crucial, considering potential side effects and risks such as pancreatitis and renal failure.
  • Further cardiovascular outcome data will refine the understanding of the cardiovascular safety of these agents.