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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

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The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
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Clock genes, pancreatic function, and diabetes.

Elaine Vieira1, Thomas P Burris2, Ivan Quesada3

  • 1CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08033 Barcelona, Spain.

Trends in Molecular Medicine
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Circadian rhythms regulate metabolism for daily energy balance. Disruptions to these rhythms are linked to impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes, highlighting the role of clock genes in pancreatic function.

Keywords:
clock genesdiabetesinsulinpancreasβ cell

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Metabolic Physiology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Circadian physiology optimizes metabolism and energy homeostasis.
  • Disruptions to circadian rhythms (light/dark, sleep/wake, feeding/activity) affect central and peripheral clocks.
  • Altered circadian function is linked to impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of circadian clock genes in pancreatic beta cells.
  • To understand the connection between circadian rhythms, glucose homeostasis, and diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on circadian physiology and metabolism.
  • Analysis of genetic studies in animal models and humans.
  • Examination of research on the endocrine pancreas and clock gene function.

Main Results:

  • Circadian clocks in the brain and peripheral tissues regulate metabolism.
  • Evidence from animal models and human genetic studies supports the link between circadian disruption and diabetes.
  • The endocrine pancreas possesses an intrinsic clock, with clock genes playing a crucial role in beta cell function.

Conclusions:

  • Circadian clock genes are integral to pancreatic beta cell function.
  • Maintaining circadian rhythmicity is vital for glucose homeostasis and preventing type 2 diabetes.