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Related Concept Videos

Cholera01:25

Cholera

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Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
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Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
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Characterizing Salmonella Typhimurium-induced Septic Peritonitis in Mice
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Typhoid fever.

John Wain1, Rene S Hendriksen2, Matthew L Mikoleit3

  • 1Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.

Lancet (London, England)
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Typhoid fever control faces challenges from ineffective vaccines and growing antimicrobial resistance. Understanding evolving Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A trends is crucial for effective disease management and public health strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Typhoid fever control requires understanding disease epidemiology and pathogen biology.
  • Significant knowledge gaps exist regarding Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A, particularly in African regions.
  • Existing vaccines show limited efficacy in young children, and multidrug resistance compromises antimicrobial treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical need for updated clinical and epidemiological knowledge of typhoid fever.
  • To emphasize the challenges posed by evolving antimicrobial resistance and shifting pathogen prevalence.
  • To underscore the necessity of local engagement for effective surveillance and control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on typhoid fever epidemiology and Salmonella serovar trends.
  • Analysis of challenges in vaccine efficacy and antimicrobial chemotherapy.
  • Discussion of the impact of multidrug resistance on treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S Typhi) is being increasingly displaced by drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A in Asia.
  • Multidrug resistance poses a significant threat to the efficacy of current antimicrobial treatments for typhoid fever.
  • Vaccine immunogenicity remains a barrier, especially in very young populations.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous monitoring of enteric fever trends, including pathogen serovar shifts and resistance patterns, is essential for clinicians and epidemiologists.
  • Development of new vaccines and treatments is promising, but local public health engagement is vital for implementation.
  • Addressing vaccine limitations and antimicrobial resistance requires a multifaceted approach involving research and local capacity building.